值得反复推敲的9分雅思作文：problem/solution
无论是雅思英语作文，还是大学英语四六级，亦或是考研英语写作，都会考察学生写“问题与解决方法（Problems and solutions）”类的文章。
其实，这类文章是诸多类型的考试作文中，相对好写的一类，也是蛮有套路的一类作文。
下面，张老师带领大家分析以下下面这篇满分的雅思“问题与解决方法”类作文。
In the developed world, average life expectancy is increasing. What problems will this cause for individuals and society? Suggest some measures that could be taken to reduce the impact of ageing populations.在发达国家，平均寿命在增加。这会给个人和社会造成哪些问题？请给出一些减少人口老龄化影响的措施。
题目要求很清晰：
- Problem：人口老龄化造成什么问题？
- Solution：什么方法可以减少老龄化的影响。
开头段 Introduction
It is true that people in industrialised nations can expect to live longer than ever before. Although there will undoubtedly be some negative consequences of this trend, societies can take steps to mitigate these potential problems.
开头段就2句话。第1句话引出话题“人口老龄化”，第2句话：说明造成很多问题，但有很多解决方法。
请注意开头段是如何改写题干的：
- developed world = industrialised nations
- life expectancy is increasing = expect to live longer than ever before
- problems = negative consequences
- measures that could be taken = ake steps to
- reduce the impact = mitigate these potential problems
所以，对于这类文章，开头段只需改写题干即可，无需大费周章地找寻其他idea。
问题段 Problems
As people live longer and the populations of developed countries grow older, several related problems can be anticipated. The main issue is that there will obviously be more people of retirement age who will be eligible to receive a pension. The proportion of younger, working adults will be smaller, and governments will therefore receive less money in taxes in relation to the size of the population. In other words, an ageing population will mean a greater tax burden for working adults. Further pressures will include a rise in the demand for healthcare, and the fact young adults will increasingly have to look after their elderly relatives.
- 第1句话：中心句。说明老龄化造成很多问题。
- 第2句话：说明主要问题，即更多老人领取养老金。
- 第3-4句话：继续围绕主要问题，展开因果论述。老人更多，意味着年轻人更少，进而导致政府税收减少。因此，老龄人口意味着年轻人更大的税收负担。
- 第5句话：简要列举老龄化带来的其他问题，如健康护理需求的增加，年轻人要照看老人等。
从上面的分析可以看出，在描写问题时，大家其实并不一定非得详细描述每个问题。完全可以重点描述一个问题，然后简要列举其他问题。
上面段落中，值得学习的词汇：
- several related problems can be anticipated 可以预见会产生如下问题
- people of retirement age 达到退休年龄的人
- be eligible to receive a pension 有资格领取养老金
- an ageing population 老龄化人口
- a greater tax burden for working adults 对工作的成年人来说更大的税负
- a rise in the demand for healthcare 健康护理需求的上升
- look after their elderly relatives 照看老龄亲戚.
解决方法段 Solutions
There are several actions that governments could take to solve the problems described above. Firstly, a simple solution would be to increase the retirement age for working adults, perhaps from 65 to 70. Nowadays, people of this age tend to be healthy enough to continue a productive working life. A second measure would be for governments to encourage immigration in order to increase the number of working adults who pay taxes. Finally, money from national budgets will need to be taken from other areas and spent on vital healthcare, accommodation and transport facilities for the rising numbers of older citizens.
- 第1句：中心句，说明有很多解决方法
- 第2-3句：第一个解决方法：增加退休年龄
- 第4句：第二个解决方法：鼓励移民，增加工作认可，从而增税
- 第5句：第三个解决方法：更多的国家预算投入老龄人口健康护理、住宿、交通等
从上面的分析，可以看出，解决方法没有必要与所描述的问题一一对应。只要是针对人口老龄化影响给的解决方法，无论与问题段中提到的问题是否有关，都是可行的。
上面段落中，值得学习的词汇：
- actions that governments could take to solve the problems 政府可以采取的解决问题的措施
- a simple solution would be to 第一个解决方法是
- increase the retirement age 提高退休年龄
- continue a productive working life 继续从事生产性工作
- A second measure would be for governments to 第二个方法是
- encourage immigration 鼓励移民
- national budgets 国家预算
- vital healthcare, accommodation and transport facilities 重要的健康护理、住宿和交通设施
结尾段 Conclusions
In conclusion, various measures can be taken to tackle the problems that are certain to arise as the populations of countries grow older.
结尾段无需过长，1句话即可，即改写考头段的第2句话。改写的方法如下：
- take steps to = various measures can be taken 采取措施
- mitigate these potential problems = tackle the problems 解决问题
- of this trend = as the populations of countries grow older
- undoubtedly = are certain to arise
